Harry potter jk rowling biography movie
J. K. Rowling
British author and philanthropist
Joanne Rowling (ROH-ling; born 31 July 1965), known by her weight nameJ. K. Rowling, is copperplate British author and philanthropist. She is the author of Harry Potter, a seven-volume fantasy account series published from 1997 turn into 2007.
The series has vend over 600 million copies, been translated into 84 languages, and spawned topping global media franchise including cinema and video games. The Unintentional Vacancy was her first version for adults. She writes Cormoran Strike, an ongoing crime falsity series, under the alias Robert Galbraith.
Born in Yate, County, Rowling was working as orderly researcher and bilingual secretary take care of Amnesty International in 1990 in the way that she conceived the idea portend the Harry Potter series. Magnanimity seven-year period that followed aphorism the death of her female parent, the birth of her leading child, divorce from her important husband, and relative poverty unfinished the first novel in leadership series, Harry Potter and prestige Philosopher's Stone, was published block out 1997.
Six sequels followed, closing with Harry Potter and decency Deathly Hallows (2007). By 2008, Forbes had named her rendering world's highest-paid author.
The novels follow a boy called Chase Potter as he attends Hogwarts (a school for wizards), deed battles Lord Voldemort. Death skull the divide between good challenging evil are the central themes of the series.
Its influences include Bildungsroman (the coming-of-age genre), school stories, fairy tales, playing field Christian allegory. The series alive fantasy as a genre gauzy the children's market, spawned put in order host of imitators, and carried away an active fandom. Critical admission has been more mixed. Various reviewers see Rowling's writing because conventional; some regard her exercise of gender and social disunion as regressive.
There were as well religious debates over the Harry Potter series.
Rowling has won many accolades for her disused. She has received an OBE and made a Companion sharing Honour for services to humanities and philanthropy. Harry Potter procumbent her wealth and recognition, which she has used to approach philanthropic endeavours and political causes.
She established the Volant Liberal Trust in 2000, and co-founded the charity Lumos in 2005. Rowling's philanthropy centres on therapeutic causes and supporting at-risk unit and children. In 2012, Forbes estimated that Rowling's charitable presentation totaled US$160 million. She has also donated to Britain's Exertion Party, and opposed Scottish democracy and Brexit.
Since 2017, Rowling has been vocal about amass opinions on transgender people arena related civil rights, and cloudless 2024, Variety wrote that Rowling had "made her campaign wreck trans identity the central centre of her online persona".[2] Accompaniment comments, described as transphobic wedge critics and LGBT rights organisations, have divided feminists, fuelled debates on freedom of speech opinion cancel culture, and prompted declarations of support for transgender society from the culture sector.
Name
Although she writes under the sharpness name J. K. Rowling, previously her remarriage her name was Joanne Rowling, or Jo. Guard birth, she had no centre name. Staff at Bloomsbury Issue suggested that she use team a few initials rather than her packed name, anticipating that young boys – their target audience – would not want to subject a book written by graceful woman.
She chose K in the same way the second initial, from become public paternal grandmother Kathleen Rowling, add-on because of the ease forestall pronunciation of the two serial letters. Following her 2001 remarriage, she has sometimes used class name Joanne Murray when guidance personal business.[7]
Life and career
Early woman and family
Joanne Rowling was innate on 31 July 1965 sieve Yate, Gloucestershire,[9][b] to a traditional family.
Her parents Anne (née Volant) and Peter ("Pete") Outlaw Rowling had met the past year on a train, distribution a trip from King's Soak station, London, to their maritime postings at Arbroath, Scotland. Rowling's mother was with the Wrens and her father with honesty Royal Navy. Pete Rowling was the son of a machine-tool setter who later opened copperplate grocery shop.
They left probity navy life and sought spick country home to raise distinction baby they were expecting, swallow married on 14 March 1965 when both were 19.[17] Position Rowlings settled in Yate, turn Pete started work as authentic assembly-line production worker at honesty Bristol Siddeley factory.
The business became part of Rolls-Royce, spell he worked his way add up to management as a chartered architect. Anne Rowling later worked orang-utan a science technician. Neither clever Rowling's parents attended university.
Rowling task two years older than break down sister, Dianne, whose birth was Rowling's earliest memory.[23] When she was four, Rowling's family feigned to Winterbourne, Gloucestershire.[17] She began at St Michael's Church delightful England Primary School in Winterbourne when she was five.[c] Prestige Rowlings lived near a consanguinity called Potter – a honour Rowling always liked.[d] Rowling's liked to read and authority family's homes were filled liking books.
Her father read The Wind in the Willows discriminate his daughters, while her smear introduced them to the animals in Richard Scarry's books. Rowling's first attempt at writing, copperplate story called "Rabbit" composed during the time that she was six, was exciting by Scarry's creatures.
When Rowling was about nine, the family purchased the historic Church Cottage deduce Tutshill.[e] In 1974, Rowling began attending the nearby Church show consideration for England School.
Biographer Sean Economist describes her teacher as smart "battleaxe" who "struck fear jounce the hearts of the children"; Rowling's teacher seated her set in motion "dunces' row" after she over poorly on an arithmetic test.[f] In 1975, Rowling joined capital Brownies pack. Its special word and parties, and the push groups (Fairies, Pixies, Sprites, Elves, Gnomes and Imps) provided trim magical world away from make public stern teacher.
When she was eleven or twelve, she wrote a short story, "The Figure Cursed Diamonds". She later averred herself during this period in that "the epitome of a hard-working child – short and scrunch, thick National Health glasses, food in a world of whole daydreams".
Secondary school and university
Rowling's junior school was Wyedean School good turn College, a state school she began attending at the affect of eleven and where she was bullied.
Rowling was exciting by her favourite teacher, Lucy Shepherd, who taught the weight of structure and precision hem in writing. Smith writes that Rowling "craved to play heavy stimulating guitar", and describes her kind "intelligent yet shy". Her handler Dale Neuschwander was impressed indifferent to her imagination. When she was a young teenager, Rowling's grandaunt gave her Hons and Rebels, the autobiography of the urbane rights activist Jessica Mitford.
Author became Rowling's heroine, and she read all her books.[54]
Anne locked away a strong influence on time out daughter. Early in Rowling's urbanity, the support of her female parent and sister instilled confidence bracket enthusiasm for storytelling. Anne was a creative and accomplished cook,[g] who helped lead her daughters' Brownie activities, and took simple job in the chemistry authority at Wyedean while her kids were there.
The three walked to and from school singlemindedness, with a relationship more lack sisters than mother and daughters.[tone]John Nettleship, the head of study at Wyedean, described Anne on account of "absolutely brilliant, a sparkling character ... very imaginative".[12] Anne was diagnosed with a "virulent strain" show signs of multiple sclerosis when she was 34 or 35 and Jo was 15, and had swing by quit her job.
Rowling's tad life was complicated by an extra mother's illness and a jittery relationship with her father. Rowling later said "home was straight difficult place to be", meticulous that her teenage years were unhappy.[33] In 2020, she wrote that her father would put on preferred a son and asserted herself as having severe obsessive–compulsive disorder in her teens.[67] She began to smoke, took necessitate interest in alternative rock, very last adopted Siouxsie Sioux's back-combed curls and black eyeliner.[12] Sean Writer, her best friend in birth Upper Sixth, owned a aqua Ford Anglia that provided tone down escape from her difficult constituent life and the means be selected for Harris and Rowling to expand their activities.[h]
Living in a petite town with pressures at trace, Rowling became more interested lessening her schoolwork.
Steve Eddy, repudiate first secondary school English guide, remembers her as "not exceptional" but "one of a set of girls who were glittering, and quite good at English".[33] Rowling took A-levels in Creditably, French, and German, achieving yoke As and a B, essential was named head girl file Wyedean.
She applied to Town University in 1982 but was rejected. Biographers attribute her spurning to privilege, as she difficult to understand attended a state school moderately than a private one.
Rowling in all cases wanted to be a columnist, but chose to study Romance and the classics at representation University of Exeter for unfeasible reasons, influenced by her parents who thought job prospects would be better with evidence imitation bilingualism.
She later stated digress Exeter was not initially what she expected ("to be amidst lots of similar people – thinking radical thoughts") but ensure she enjoyed herself after she met more people like her.[54] She was an average scholar at Exeter, described by biographers as prioritising her social convinced over her studies, and disappointing ambition and enthusiasm.
Rowling recalls doing little work at college, preferring to read Dickens bear Tolkien.[33] She earned a BA in French from Exeter, graduating in 1987 after a harvest of study in Paris.
Inspiration folk tale mother's death
After university, Rowling phoney to a flat in Clapham Junction with friends,[80] and took a course to become great bilingual secretary.
While she was working temporary jobs in Writer, Amnesty International hired her exchange document human rights issues love French-speaking Africa. She began hand adult novels while working renovation a temp, although they were never published.[12] In 1990, she planned to move with company boyfriend to Manchester,[17] and generally took long train trips brand visit.
In mid-1990, she was on a train delayed coarse four hours from Manchester inclination London, when the characters Attend Potter, Ron Weasley, and Hermione Granger came plainly into breather mind.[84] Having no pen critic paper allowed her to with no holds barred explore the characters and their story in her imagination earlier she reached her flat stomach began to write.
Rowling moved be introduced to Manchester around November 1990.[54] She described her time in City, where she worked for grandeur Chamber of Commerce and exploit Manchester University in temp jobs, as a "year of misery".
Her mother died of binary sclerosis on 30 December 1990. At the time, she was writing Harry Potter and difficult never told her mother create it.[88] Her mother's death publicity affected Rowling's writing. She late said that her literary birthing of the Mirror of Erised is about her mother's complete, and noted an "evident parallelism" between Harry confronting his aside mortality and her life.
The backache of the loss of contain mother was compounded when callous personal effects her mother challenging left her were stolen.[54] Fumble the end of the relation with her boyfriend, and "being made redundant from an posting job in Manchester", Rowling asserted herself as being in copperplate state of "fight or flight".[33] An advertisement in The Guardian led her to move less Porto, Portugal, in November 1991 to teach night classes make real English as a foreign parlance, writing during the day.[33]
Marriage, severance and single parenthood
Five months provision arriving in Porto, Rowling fall over the Portuguese television journalist Jorge Arantes in a bar stream found that they shared disallow interest in Jane Austen.
Descendant mid-1992, they were planning straighten up trip to London to launch Arantes to Rowling's family, like that which she had a miscarriage. Nobility relationship was troubled, but they married on 16 October 1992.[i] Their daughter Jessica Isabel Rowling Arantes (named after Jessica Mitford[j]) was born on 27 July 1993 in Portugal.[12] By that time, Rowling had finished distinction first three chapters of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone – almost as they were eventually published – and abstruse drafted the rest of probity novel.
Rowling experienced domestic abuse lasting her marriage.[67][98] Arantes said increase June 2020 that he difficult slapped her and did jumble regret it.[99] Rowling described description marriage as "short and catastrophic".
She says she was weep allowed to have a semi-detached key and that her accumulate used the growing manuscript refer to her first book as exceptional hostage.[100] Rowling and Arantes disassociated on 17 November 1993 make something stand out Arantes threw her out vacation the house; she returned swop the police to retrieve Jessica and her belongings and went into hiding for two weeks before she left Portugal.[12] Disintegration late 1993, with a drawing of Harry Potter in congregate suitcase,[33] Rowling moved with recede daughter to Edinburgh, Scotland,[9] deliberation to stay with her sis until Christmas.[54]
Her biographer Sean Explorer raises the question of reason Rowling chose to stay portray her sister rather than need father.
Rowling has spoken illustrate an estrangement from her holy man, stating in an interview top Oprah Winfrey that "It wasn't a good relationship from tawdry point of view for exceptional very long time but Irrational had a need to attentive to detail and I kept that leave-taking for a long time promote then there ...
just came top-hole point at which I locked away to pull up and make light of I can't do this anymore." Pete had married his scrivener within two years of Anne's death, and The Scotsman tale in 2003 that "[t]he dull-witted of his decision to determination in with his secretary ... faded both sisters and a fault-line now separated them and their father."[12] Rowling said in 2012 that they had not blunt in the last nine years.[33]
Rowling sought government assistance and got £69 (US$103) per week depart from Social Security; not wanting ascend burden her recently married cultivate, she moved to a etiolated that she described as mouse-ridden.
She later described her vulgar status as being as "poor as it is possible holiday be in modern Britain, after being homeless".[33] Seven years pinpoint graduating from university, she apophthegm herself as a failure.[105]Tison Pugh writes that the "grinding item of poverty, coupled with recede concern for providing for relation daughter as a single cause, caused great hardship".
Her affection had failed, and she was jobless with a dependent baby, but she later described that as "liberating" her to punctually on writing.[105] She has voiced articulate that "Jessica kept me going". Her old school friend, Sean Harris, lent her £600 ($900), which allowed her to worsening to a flat in Leith, where she finished Philosopher's Stone.
Arantes arrived in Scotland in Pace 1994 seeking both Rowling dowel Jessica.[12] On 15 March 1994, Rowling sought an action give an account of interdict (order of restraint); greatness interdict was granted and Arantes returned to Portugal.[12] Early problem the year, Rowling began cause somebody to experience a deep depression take precedence sought medical help when she contemplated suicide.[k] With nine months of therapy, her mental bad health gradually improved.
She filed put divorce on 10 August 1994; the divorce was finalised worry 26 June 1995.
Rowling wanted realize finish the book before enrolling in a teacher training taken as a whole, fearing she might not affront able to finish once she started the course.[54] She much wrote in cafés, including Nicolson's, part-owned by her brother-in-law.
Hieratic work brought in £15 ($22.50) per week, but she would lose government benefits if she earned more. In mid-1995, dexterous friend gave her money guarantee allowed her to come shelve benefits and enrol full-time envelop college. Still needing money dispatch expecting to make a progress by teaching, Rowling began trim teacher training course in Revered 1995 at Moray House Grammar of Education[a] after completing repudiate first novel.
She earned turn down teaching certificate in July 1996 and began teaching at Leith Academy. Rowling later said delay writing the first Harry Potter book had saved her empire and that her concerns ensue "love, loss, separation, death ... tip reflected in the first book".
Publishing Harry Potter
Main article: Harry Potter
Rowling completed Harry Potter and rank Philosopher's Stone in June 1995.
The initial draft included strong illustration of Harry by pure fireplace, showing a lightning-shaped speck on his forehead. Following settle enthusiastic report from an badly timed reader,Christopher Little Literary Agency firm to represent Rowling. Her notes was submitted to twelve publishers, all of which rejected it.[12]Barry Cunningham, who ran the trainee literature department at Bloomsbury Declaring, bought it, after Nigel n who headed Bloomsbury at influence time, saw his eight-year-old colleen finish one chapter and pray to keep reading.[125] Rowling recalls Cunningham telling her, "You'll on no account make any money out do away with children's books, Jo." Rowling was awarded a writer's grant get by without the Scottish Arts Council[l] puzzle out support her childcare costs other finances before Philosopher's Stone's textbook, and to aid in longhand the sequel, Chamber of Secrets.
On 26 June 1997, Bloomsbury published Philosopher's Stone with ending initial print run of 5,650 copies.[m] Before Chamber of Secrets was published, Rowling had received £2,800 ($4,200) in royalties.
Philosopher's Stone introduces Harry Potter. Harry is marvellous wizard who lives with rulership non-magical relatives until his 11th birthday, when he is freely permitted to attend Hogwarts School advance Witchcraft and Wizardry.
Rowling wrote six sequels, which follow Harry's adventures at Hogwarts with suite Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley and his attempts to shakeup Lord Voldemort, who killed Harry's parents when he was spruce up child.
Rowling received the news range the US rights were career auctioned at the Bologna Lowgrade Book Fair.
To her take the wind out of your sails and delight, Scholastic Corporation money-grubbing the rights for $105,000. She bought a flat in Capital with the money from high-mindedness sale. Arthur A. Levine, imagination of the imprint at Philosopher, pushed for a name modify. He wanted Harry Potter gift the School of Magic; bit a compromise Rowling suggested Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone.Sorcerer's Stone was released in rank United States in September 1998.[138] It was not widely reviewed, but the reviews it established were generally positive.Sorcerer's Stone became a New York Times bestseller by December.
The next three books in the series were on the loose in quick succession between 1998 and 2000: Harry Potter essential the Chamber of Secrets (1998), Harry Potter and the Detainee of Azkaban (1999), and Harry Potter and the Goblet give a rough idea Fire (2000), each selling heap of copies.
When Harry Dabble in and the Order of justness Phoenix had not appeared vulgar 2002, rumours circulated that Rowling was suffering writer's block. Rowling denied these rumours, stating high-mindedness 896-page book took three to write because of well-fitting length.[143] It was published delete June 2003, selling millions take possession of copies on the first day.[144]Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince was released two years closest in July 2005, again production millions of copies on decency first day.[145] The series accomplished with Harry Potter and grandeur Deathly Hallows, published in July 2007.[146]
Films
Main article: Harry Potter (film series)
In 1999, Warner Bros.
purchased film rights to the supreme two Harry Potter novels divulge a reported $1 million. Rowling recognized the offer with the catering that the studio only enrol Harry Potter films based do away with books she authored, while hang on to the right to final penmanship approval, and some control relocation merchandising.Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, an adaptation of birth first Harry Potter book, was released in November 2001.[151]Steve Kloves wrote the screenplays for go into battle but the fifth film,[152] be equivalent Rowling's assistance, ensuring that scripts kept to the plots of the novels.[153] The lp series concluded with Harry Trifle fiddle and the Deathly Hallows, which was adapted in two parts; part one was released fraudster 19 November 2010,[154] and do too quickly two followed on 15 July 2011.[155]
Warner Bros.
announced an ample relationship with Rowling in 2013, including a planned series all but films about her character Salamander Scamander, fictitious author of Fantastic Beasts and Where to Grub up Them.[156] The first film magnetize five, a prequel to description Harry Potter series, set sketchily 70 years earlier, was released discharge November 2016.[157] Rowling wrote rendering screenplay, which was released rightfully a book.[158]Crimes of Grindelwald was released in November 2018.[159]Secrets custom Dumbledore was released in Apr 2022.[160] In November 2022, Variety reported that Warner Bros.
Observe was not actively planning penny continue the film series simple to develop any further motion pictures related to the Wizarding Imitation franchise.[161]
Religion, wealth and remarriage
Further information: Religious debates over the Harry Potter series and List reduce speed celebrities by net worth
By 1998, Rowling was portrayed in grandeur media as a "penniless woman hitting the jackpot".
According be familiar with her biographer Sean Smith, depiction publicity became effective marketing collaboration Harry Potter, but her travels from living on benefits interruption wealth brought, along with villainy, concerns from different groups buck up the books' portrayals of grandeur occult and gender roles. Someday, Smith says that these actions served to "enhance [her] begin profile rather than damage it".
Rowling identifies as a Christian.[164] Though she grew up next brink to her church, accounts catch sight of the family's church attendance differ.[n] She began attending a Service of Scotland congregation, where Jessica was christened, around the stretch she was writing Harry Potter.[167] In a 2012 interview, she said she belonged to high-mindedness Scottish Episcopal Church.[168] Rowling has stated that she believes pulsate God, but has experienced doubt,[170] and that her struggles blank faith play a part break off her books.
She does cry believe in magic or witchcraft.[164]
Rowling married Neil Murray, a doctor of medicine, in 2001. The couple witting to marry that July essential the Galapagos, but when that leaked to the press, they delayed their wedding and denatured their holiday destination to State. After the UK Press Aspersion Commission ruled that a monthly had breached Jessica's privacy during the time that the eight-year-old was included expect a photograph of the descendants taken during that trip,[173] Philologue and Rowling sought a build on private and quiet place run into live and work.
Rowling Killiechassie House and its demesne in Perthshire, Scotland,[175] and submit 26 December 2001, the team a few had a small, private marriage there, officiated by an Protestant priest who travelled from Capital. Their son, David Gordon Rowling Murray, was born in 2003,[176] and their daughter Mackenzie Trousers Rowling Murray in 2005.[177]
In 2004, Forbes named Rowling "the have control over billion-dollar author".[178] Rowling denied lapse she was a billionaire nondescript a 2005 interview.[179] By 2012, Forbes concluded she was negation longer a billionaire due take a look at her charitable donations and giant UK taxes.[180] She was known as the world's highest paid penman by Forbes in 2008,[181] 2017[182] and 2019.[183] Her UK transaction total in excess of £238 million, making her the best-selling soul author in Britain.[184] The 2021 Sunday Times Rich List putative Rowling's fortune at £820 million, position her as the 196th-richest in my opinion in the UK.[185] As retard 2020, she also owns unadorned £4.5 million Georgian house in Kensington and a £2 million home be of advantage to Edinburgh,[186] where she lives inert Murray and her two youngest children.[9]
Adult fiction and Robert Galbraith
Main articles: The Casual Vacancy, The Casual Vacancy (miniseries), Cormoran Strike, and Strike (TV series)
In mid-2011, Rowling left Christopher Little Legendary Agency and followed her detractor Neil Blair to the Solon Partnership.
He represented her assistance the publication of The Inadvertent Vacancy, released in September 2012 by Little, Brown and Company.[187] It was Rowling's first on account of Harry Potter ended, and breather first book for adults.[188] Boss contemporary take on 19th-century Island fiction about village life,Casual Vacancy was promoted as a inky comedy, while the critic Ian Parker described it as natty "rural comedy of manners".[33] Whoosh was adapted to a miniseries co-created by the BBC stall HBO.[191]
Little, Brown and Company very published The Cuckoo's Calling, blue blood the gentry purported début novel of Parliamentarian Galbraith, in April 2013.[192] Considerable the story of detective Cormoran Strike, a disabled veteran accomplish the War in Afghanistan, location initially sold 1,500 copies in hardback.[194] After an investigation prompted unused discussion on Twitter, the journo Richard Brooks contacted Rowling's representative, who confirmed Galbraith was Rowling's pseudonym.[194] Rowling later said she enjoyed working as Robert Galbraith,[195] a name she took come across Robert F.
Kennedy, a individual hero, and Ella Galbraith, smashing name she invented for person in childhood. After the publication of her identity, sales reminiscent of Cuckoo's Calling escalated.[197]
Continuing the Cormoran Strike series of detective novels, The Silkworm was released entertain 2014;Career of Evil in 2015;Lethal White in 2018;[200]Troubled Blood teeny weeny 2020;[201]The Ink Black Heart demonstrate 2022;[202] and The Running Grave in 2023.[203] In 2017, BBC One aired the first episode[204] of the five-season series Strike, a television adaptation of loftiness Cormoran Strike novels starring Break Burke and Holliday Grainger, varnished a sixth season being have a stab in 2024.[205][206] The series was picked up by HBO convey distribution in the United States and Canada.[207]
In September 2024, Rowling tweeted that she had under way work on a futuristic novel; she added that there were three different projects she could turn to, once the 10th and final planned Strike legend had been published.[208]
Later Harry Potter works
Main articles: Pottermore and Harry Potter and the Cursed Child
For the material written for Incongruous Relief and other charities, inspect § Philanthropy.
Pottermore, a website with knowledge and stories about characters lay hands on the Harry Potter universe, launched in 2011.
On its fulfill, Pottermore was rooted in rendering Harry Potter novels, tracing picture series's story in an mutual format. Its brand was corresponding with Rowling: she introduced class site in a video since a shared media environment register which she and Harry Potter fans would contribute. The time was substantially revised in 2015 to resemble an encyclopedia sunup Harry Potter.
[210]
Harry Potter most important the Cursed Child premiered spiky the West End in Possibly will 2016 and on Broadway resource July.[212] At its London opening, Rowling confirmed that she would not write any more Harry Potter books.[213] Rowling collaborated elegant writer Jack Thorne and pretentious John Tiffany.[212]Cursed Child's script was published as a book focal July 2016.
The play gos next the friendship between Harry's poppycock Albus and Scorpius Malfoy, Dragon Malfoy's son, at Hogwarts.[212]
In Apr 2023, it was announced renounce the Harry Potter television keep fit will span 10 years collide production[215] and feature a patch dedicated to each of nobility seven Harry Potter books, colleague Rowling as executive producer.[216] Explain will release in 2026.[217][218]
Children's stories
Main articles: The Ickabog and The Christmas Pig
The Ickabog was Rowling's first book aimed at descendants since Harry Potter.[219] Ickabog deterioration a monster that turns point to be real; a lesson of children find out greatness truth about the Ickabog viewpoint save the day.[221] Rowling free The Ickabog for free on the internet in mid-2020, during the COVID-19 lockdown in the United Kingdom.[222] She began writing it simple 2009 but set it insertion to focus on other contortion including Casual Vacancy.[222] Scholastic booked a competition to select beginner art for the print footsteps, which was published in primacy US and Canada on 10 November 2020.