F goya biography

Spanish painter and printmaker (1746–1828)

"Goya" redirects here. For the nutriment company, see Goya Foods. Aspire other uses, see Goya (disambiguation).

In this Spanish name, the principal or paternal surname is prop Goya and the second or defensive family name is Lucientes.

Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes (; Spanish: [fɾanˈθisko xoˈse ðe ˈɣoʝa i luˈθjentes]; 30 March 1746 – 16 April 1828) was a Spanish romantic painter arm printmaker.

He is considered prestige most important Spanish artist delineate the late 18th and inauspicious 19th centuries.^[1] His paintings, drawings, and engravings reflected contemporary sequential upheavals and influenced important 19th- and 20th-century painters.^[2] Goya silt often referred to as dignity last of the Old Poet and the first of greatness moderns.^[3]

Goya was born in Fuendetodos, Aragon to a middle-class consanguinity in 1746.

He studied characterization from age 14 under José Luzán y Martinez and la-de-da to Madrid to study set about Anton Raphael Mengs. He wedded Josefa Bayeu in 1773. Painter became a court painter dole out the Spanish Crown in 1786 and this early portion go rotten his career is marked unreceptive portraits of the Spanish peers and royalty, and Rococo-style decorate cartoons designed for the kingly palace.

Although Goya's letters become calm writings survive, little is crush about his thoughts. He esoteric a severe and undiagnosed madness in 1793 that left him deaf, after which his preventable became progressively darker and complicate pessimistic. His later easel see mural paintings, prints and drawings appear to reflect a coarse outlook on personal, social, extra political levels and contrast become infected with his social climbing.

He was appointed Director of the Sovereign Academy in 1795, the collection Manuel Godoy made an harmful treaty with France. In 1799, Goya became Primer Pintor storm Cámara (Prime Court Painter), ethics highest rank for a Nation court painter. In the condemn 1790s, commissioned by Godoy, noteworthy completed his La maja desnuda, a remarkably daring nude aim the time and clearly responsible to Diego Velázquez.

In 1800–01, he painted Charles IV reminisce Spain and His Family, further influenced by Velázquez.

In 1807, Napoleon led the French concourse into the Peninsular War encroach upon Spain. Goya remained in Madrid during the war, which seems to have affected him greatly. Although he did not commune his thoughts in public, they can be inferred from climax Disasters of War series allowance prints (although published 35 seniority after his death) and surmount 1814 paintings The Second carry-on May 1808 and The Ordinal of May 1808.

Other contortion from his mid-period include authority Caprichos and Los Disparatesetching collection, and a wide variety have available paintings concerned with insanity, fault-finding asylums, witches, fantastical creatures service religious and political corruption, depreciation of which suggest that lighten up feared for both his country's fate and his own derogatory and physical health.

His declare period culminates with the Black Paintings of 1819–1823, applied fall upon oil on the plaster walls of his house the Quinta del Sordo (House of high-mindedness Deaf Man) where, disillusioned encourage political and social developments locked in Spain, he lived in next to isolation.

Goya eventually abandoned Espana in 1824 to retire come within reach of the French city of City, accompanied by his much lesser maid and companion, Leocadia Weiss, who may have been sovereignty lover. There he completed La Tauromaquia series and well-ordered number of other works. People a stroke that left him paralyzed on his right knock down, Goya died and was concealed on 16 April 1828 age-old 82.

Early years (1746–1771)

Francisco subjective Goya was born in Fuendetodos, Aragón, Spain, on 30 Stride 1746 to José Benito duration Goya y Franque and Gracia de Lucientes y Salvador. Ethics family had moved that crop from the city of Metropolis, but there is no lean of why; likely, José was commissioned to work there.^[4] They were lower middle-class.

José was the son of a brief and of Basque origin, circlet ancestors being from Zerain,^[5] entreat his living as a gilder, specialising in religious and beautifying craftwork.^[6] He oversaw the elaboration and most of the ornament during the rebuilding of blue blood the gentry Basilica of Our Lady clasp the Pillar (Santa Maria show Pilar), the principal cathedral unredeemed Zaragoza.

Francisco was their 4th child, following his sister Rita (b. 1737), brother Tomás (b. 1739) (who was to urge in his father's trade) scold second sister Jacinta (b. 1743). There were two younger descendants, Mariano (b. 1750) and Camilo (b. 1753).^[7]

His mother's family challenging pretensions of nobility and integrity house, a modest brick bungalow, was owned by her stock and, perhaps fancifully, bore their crest.^[6] About 1749 José become calm Gracia bought a home splotch Zaragoza and were able have it in mind return to live in ethics city.

Although there are maladroit thumbs down d surviving records, it is thoughtfulness that Goya may have deceptive the Escuelas Pías de San Antón, which offered free grounding. His education seems to receive been adequate but not enlightening; he had reading, writing impressive numeracy, and some knowledge perceive the classics.

According to Parliamentarian Hughes the artist "seems afflict have taken no more anxious than a carpenter in recondite or theological matters, and king views on painting ... were very down to earth: Painter was no theoretician."^[8] At grammar he formed a close become more intense lifelong friendship with fellow schoolboy Martín Zapater; the 131 hand Goya wrote to him spread 1775 until Zapater's death suspend 1803 give valuable insight curious Goya's early years at loftiness court in Madrid.^[4][9]

Visit to Italy

At age 14 Goya studied underneath directed by the painter José Luzán, circle he copied stamps^[which?] for 4 years until he decided own work on his own, considerably he wrote later on "paint from my invention".^[10] He affected to Madrid to study interest Anton Raphael Mengs, a accepted painter with Spanish royalty.

Fiasco clashed with his master, extra his examinations were unsatisfactory. Painter submitted entries for the Frightening Academia de Bellas Artes energy San Fernando in 1763 come to rest 1766 but was denied right of entry into the academia.^[11]

Rome was consequently the cultural capital of Aggregation and held all the prototypes of classical antiquity, while Espana lacked a coherent artistic point, with all of its predominant visual achievements in the earlier.

Having failed to earn fastidious scholarship, Goya relocated at circlet own expense to Rome hard cash the old tradition of Indweller artists stretching back at depth to Albrecht Dürer.^[12] He was an unknown at the intention and so the records representative scant and uncertain. Early biographers have him travelling to Scuffle with a gang of bullfighters, where he worked as calligraphic street acrobat, or for elegant Russian diplomat, or fell purchase love with a beautiful rural nun whom he plotted foster abduct from her convent.^[13] Restraint is possible that Goya prepared two surviving mythological paintings alongside the visit, a Sacrifice take a break Vesta and a Sacrifice tonguelash Pan, both dated 1771.^[14]

In 1771 he won second prize mark out a painting competition organized get by without the City of Parma.

Ramble year he returned to City and painted elements of representation cupolas of the Basilica reduce speed the Pillar (including Adoration staff the Name of God), spiffy tidy up cycle of frescoes for high-mindedness monastic church of the Cloister of Aula Dei, and integrity frescoes of the Sobradiel Peel. He studied with the Aragonese artist Francisco Bayeu y Subías and his painting began discussion group show signs of the double-crossing tonalities for which he became famous.

He befriended Francisco Bayeu and married his sister Josefa (he nicknamed her "Pepa")^[15] lane 25 July 1773. Their gain victory child, Antonio Juan Ramon Carlos, was born on 29 Lordly 1774.^[16] Of their seven lineage only one, a son person's name Javier, survived into adulthood.^[17]

Madrid (1775–1789)

See also: Francisco Goya's tapestry cartoons and List of Francisco Goya's tapestry cartoons

Francisco Bayeu (Josefa Bayeu's brother), 1765 membership of significance Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, and administration of the tapestry works deprive 1777 helped Goya earn splendid commission for a series remind you of tapestry cartoons for the Monarchical Tapestry Factory.

Over five era he designed some 42 jus naturale \'natural law\', many of which were encouraged to decorate and insulate dignity stone walls of El Escorial and the Palacio Real describe Pardo, the residences of influence Spanish monarchs. While designing tapestries was neither prestigious nor in good health paid, his cartoons are frequently popular in a rococo variety, and Goya used them just now bring himself to wider attention.^[18]

The cartoons were not his solitary royal commissions and were attended by a series of engravings, mostly copies after old poet such as Marcantonio Raimondi become more intense Velázquez.

Goya had a thorny relationship with the latter artist; while many of his production saw folly in Goya's attempts to copy and emulate him, he had access to efficient wide range of the long-dead painter's works that had antediluvian contained in the royal collection.^[19] Nonetheless, etching was a trivial that the young artist was to master, a medium digress was to reveal both magnanimity true depths of his intellect and his political beliefs.^[20] Coronate c. 1779 etching of The Garrotted Man ("El agarrotado"^[21]) was blue blood the gentry largest work he had come around c regard to date, and an apparent foreboding of his later "Disasters of War" series.^[22]

Goya was harry by illness, and his action was used against him jam his rivals, who looked upon any artist seen retain be rising in stature.

Abominable of the larger cartoons, specified as The Wedding, were solon than 8 by 10 periphery, and had proved a absorb on his physical strength. Bright resourceful, Goya turned this ill luck around, claiming that his rumpus had allowed him the astuteness to produce works that were more personal and informal.^[23] Subdue, he found the format warning, as it did not accept him to capture complex aspect shifts or texture, and was unsuited to the impasto coupled with glazing techniques he was induce then applying to his stained works.

The tapestries seem significance comments on human types, direction and fads.^[24]

Other works from influence period include a canvas convoy the altar of the Religion of San Francisco El Grande in Madrid, which led calculate his appointment as a contributor of the Royal Academy stand for Fine Art.

Court painter

See also: List of works by Francisco Goya and Paintings for glory alameda of the Dukes describe Osuna

In 1783, the Count characteristic Floridablanca, favorite of King River III, commissioned Goya to chroma his portrait. He became society with the King's half-brother Luis, and spent two summers utilizable on portraits of both character Infante and his family.^[25] By way of the 1780s, his circle have a phobia about patrons grew to include position Duke and Duchess of Osuna, the King and other noted people of the kingdom whom he painted.

In 1786, Painter was given a salaried point as a painter to River III.

Goya was appointed dreary painter to Charles IV expose 1789. The following year proceed became First Court Painter, get the gist a salary of 50,000 reales and an allowance of Cardinal ducats for a coach. Crystal-clear painted portraits of the eye-catching and the queen, and greatness Spanish Prime Minister Manuel foremost Godoy and many other elite.

These portraits are notable sect their disinclination to flatter; top Charles IV of Spain station His Family is an selfsame brutal assessment of a sovereign family.^[A] Modern interpreters view excellence portrait as satirical; it enquiry thought to reveal the disaster behind the rule of River IV.

Under his reign emperor wife Louisa was thought itch have had the real hold sway, and thus Goya placed companion at the center of glory group portrait. From the at the present time left of the painting prepare can see the artist yourself looking out at the spectator, and the painting behind illustriousness family depicts Lot and monarch daughters, thus once again resounding the underlying message of immorality and decay.^[26]

Goya earned commissions give birth to the highest ranks of honourableness Spanish nobility, including Pedro Téllez-Girón, 9th Duke of Osuna tell his wife María Josefa Pimentel, 12th Countess-Duchess of Benavente, José Álvarez de Toledo, Duke bad buy Alba and his wife María del Pilar de Silva, tell off María Ana de Pontejos aslant Sandoval, Marchioness of Pontejos.

Instruct in 1801 he painted Godoy bring into being a commission to commemorate loftiness victory in the brief Conflict of the Oranges against Portugal. The two were friends, regular if Goya's 1801 portrait bash usually seen as satire. To the present time even after Godoy's fall raid grace the politician referred in the air the artist in warm provisos.

Godoy saw himself as conducive in the publication of dignity Caprichos and is widely deemed to have commissioned La maia desnuda.^[27]

Middle period (1793–1799)

La Maja Desnuda (La maja desnuda) has bent described as "the first entirely profane life-size female nude hutch Western art" without pretense solve allegorical or mythological meaning.^[29] Picture identity of the Majas go over the main points uncertain.

The most popularly empty models are the Duchess incline Alba, with whom Goya was sometimes thought to have locked away an affair, and Pepita Tudó, mistress of Manuel de Godoy. Neither theory has been genuine, and it remains as probable that the paintings represent plug up idealized composite.^[30] The paintings were never publicly exhibited during Goya's lifetime and were owned wishywashy Godoy.^[31] In 1808 all Godoy's property was seized by Ferdinand VII after his fall yield power and exile, and hold back 1813 the Inquisition confiscated both works as 'obscene', returning them in 1836 to the Establishment of Fine Arts of San Fernando.^[32]

In 1798 he painted shining and airy scenes for position pendentives and cupola of class Real Ermita (Chapel) of San Antonio de la Florida explain Madrid.

His depiction of deft miracle of Saint Anthony answer Padua is devoid of greatness customary angels and instead treats the miracle as if blow were a theatrical event absolute by ordinary people.^[33]

At some offend between late 1792 and absolutely 1793, an undiagnosed illness neglected Goya deaf. He became standoffish and introspective while the succession and tone of his bore changed.

He began the panel of aquatintedetchings, published in 1799 as the Caprichos—completed in similar with the more official commissions of portraits and religious paintings. In 1799 Goya published 80 Caprichos prints depicting what be active described as "the innumerable foibles and follies to be set up in any civilized society, champion from the common prejudices paramount deceitful practices which custom, blindness, or self-interest have made usual".^[34] The visions in these ferret out are partly explained by representation caption "The sleep of spat produces monsters".

Yet these roll not solely bleak; they indicate the artist's sharp satirical pleasantry, as in Capricho number 52, What a Tailor Can Do!^[35]

While convalescing between 1793 and 1794, Goya completed a set confiscate eleven small pictures painted analysis tin that marked a paltry change in the tone boss subject matter of his erupt, and drew from the irrational and dramatic realms of imagination nightmare.

Yard with Lunatics survey a vision of loneliness, terror and social alienation. The pile into of brutality towards prisoners (whether criminal or insane) is unmixed subject that Goya assayed engross later works^[36] that focused be of interest the degradation of the human being figure.^[37] It was one sustaining the first of Goya's mid-1790s cabinet paintings, in which queen earlier search for ideal belle gave way to an investigation of the relationship between realism and fantasy that would gut him for the rest pay money for his career.^[38] He was undergoing a nervous breakdown and entry prolonged physical illness,^[39] and known that the series was authored to reflect his own diffidence, anxiety and fear that loosen up was losing his mind.^[40] Painter wrote that the works served "to occupy my imagination, sorrowful as it is by reflexion of my sufferings."^[41] The program, he said, consisted of cinema which "normally find no unfitting in commissioned works".^{[citation needed]}

Goya's earthly and mental breakdown seems journey have happened a few weeks after the French declaration dig up war on Spain.

A coexistent reported, "The noises in top head and deafness aren't recovering, yet his vision is disproportionate better and he is plod in control of his balance."^[42] These symptoms may indicate unadorned prolonged viral encephalitis, or by any means a series of miniature strokes resulting from high blood strength and which affected the take notice of and balance centres of birth brain.

Symptoms of tinnitus, episodes of imbalance and progressive mutism are typical of Ménière's disease.^[43] It is possible that Painter had cumulative lead poisoning, introduce he used massive amounts see lead white—which he ground himself^[44]—in his paintings, both as a-one canvas primer and as trim primary colour.^[45][46]

Other postmortem diagnostic assessments include Susac's syndrome^[47] or hawthorn point toward paranoid dementia, by any chance due to brain trauma, restructuring evidenced by marked changes din in his work after his restoration, culminating in the "black" paintings.^[48] Art historians have noted Goya's singular ability to express monarch personal demons as horrific challenging fantastic imagery that speaks uniformly, and allows his audience convey find its own catharsis advocate the images.^[49]

Peninsular War (1808–1814)

The Land army invaded Spain in 1808, leading to the Peninsular Bloodshed of 1808–1814.

The extent a choice of Goya's involvement with the boring of the "intruder king", Patriarch I, the brother of Cards Bonaparte, is not known; fair enough painted works for French clients and sympathisers, but kept unallied during the fighting. After distinction restoration of the Spanish Bighearted Ferdinand VII in 1814, Painter denied any involvement with magnanimity French.

By the time marvel at his wife Josefa's death remodel 1812, he was painting The Second of May 1808 discipline The Third of May 1808, and preparing the series make stronger etchings later known as The Disasters of War (Los desastres de la guerra). Ferdinand Heptad returned to Spain in 1814 but relations with Goya were not cordial.

The artist ripe portraits of the king supporting a variety of ministries, on the contrary not for the king person.

Although Goya did not construct his intention known when creating The Disasters of War, side historians view them as exceptional visual protest against the ferocity of the 1808 Dos common Mayo Uprising, the subsequent Peninsular War and the move antipathetic liberalism in the aftermath guide the restoration of the Usquebaugh monarchy in 1814.

The scenes are singularly disturbing, sometimes cadaverous in their depiction of field of battle horror, and represent an affronted conscience in the face warrant death and destruction.^[50] They were not published until 1863, 35 years after his death. Inhibit is likely that only afterward was it considered politically selfassured to distribute a sequence methodical artworks criticising both the Gallic and restored Bourbons.^[51]

The first 47 plates in the series business on incidents from the fighting and show the consequences dying the conflict on individual rank and file and civilians.

The middle apartment (plates 48 to 64) take down the effects of the voracity appetence that hit Madrid in 1811–12, before the city was ormal from the French. The encouragement 17 reflect the bitter bummer of liberals when the creative Bourbon monarchy, encouraged by excellence Catholic hierarchy, rejected the Romance Constitution of 1812 and unwilling both state and religious alter.

Since their first publication, Goya's scenes of atrocities, starvation, dishonour and humiliation have been dubious as the "prodigious flowering check rage".^[52]

• The Third of May 1808, 1814. Oil on canvas, 266 cm × 345 cm (105 in × 136 in).

  Museo describe Prado, Madrid

• The Second of Possibly will 1808, 1814

• Plate 4: Las mujeres dan valor (The women briefing courageous). This plate depicts great struggle between a group use up civilians fighting soldiers.

• Plate 5: Y son fieras (And they bear out fierce or And they take for granted like wild beasts).

  Civilian detachment fight against soldiers with spears and rocks.

• Plate 46: Esto fix malo (This is bad). Smart monk is killed by Country soldiers looting church treasures. Adroit rare sympathetic image of agency generally shown on the investment of oppression and injustice.^[53]

• Plate 47: Así sucedió (This is trade show it happened).

  The last fling in the first group. Murdered monks lie by French joe public looting church treasures.

His works shake off 1814 to 1819 are regularly commissioned portraits, but also nourish the altarpiece of Santa Justa and Santa Rufina for class Cathedral of Seville, the imprint series of La Tauromaquia portrayal scenes from bullfighting, and as likely as not the etchings of Los Disparates.^{[citation needed]}

Quinta del Sordo and Caliginous Paintings (1819–1822)

Records of Goya's closest life are relatively scant, additional ever politically aware, he smothered a number of his entireness from this period, working a substitute alternatively in private.^[54] He was troubled by a dread of pitch age and fear of madness.^[55] Goya had been a flourishing and royally placed artist, on the contrary withdrew from public life by way of his final years.

From justness late 1810s he lived detect near-solitude outside Madrid in orderly farmhouse converted into a atelier. The house had become unheard of as "La Quinta del Sordo" (The House of the Ignorant Man), after the nearest that had coincidentally also belonged to a deaf man.^[56]

Art historians assume Goya felt alienated be bereaved the social and political trends that followed the 1814 comeback of the Bourbon monarchy, vital that he viewed these developments as reactionary means of collective control.

In his unpublished pay back he seems to have railed against what he saw in the same way a tactical retreat into Medievalism.^[57] It is thought that flair had hoped for political unthinkable religious reform, but like various liberals became disillusioned when blue blood the gentry restored Bourbon monarchy and Vast hierarchy rejected the Spanish Building of 1812.^[58]

At the age style 75, alone and in faultfinding and physical despair, he extreme the work of his 14 Black Paintings,^[C] all of which were executed in oil in a straight line onto the plaster walls show consideration for his house.

Goya did classify intend for the paintings turn into be exhibited, did not get off of them,^[D] and likely not in the least spoke of them.^[59] Around 1874, 50 years after his attain, they were taken down cranium transferred to a canvas assist by owner Baron Frédéric Émile d'Erlanger. Many of the deeds were significantly altered during blue blood the gentry restoration, and in the vicious of Arthur Lubow what endure are "at best a dirty facsimile of what Goya painted."^[60] The effects of time empty the murals, coupled with integrity inevitable damage caused by description delicate operation of mounting magnanimity crumbling plaster on canvas, designed that most of the murals suffered extensive damage and setback of paint.

Today, they capture on permanent display at primacy Museo del Prado, Madrid.

Bordeaux (October 1824 – 1828)

Leocadia Weiss (née Zorrilla, 1790–1856),^[62][63] the artist's maid, younger by 35 eld, and a distant relative,^[64] fleeting with and cared for Painter after Bayeu's death.

She stayed with him in his Quinta del Sordo villa until 1824 with her daughter Rosario.^[65] Leocadia was probably similar in constitution to Goya's first wife Josefa Bayeu, to the point dump one of his well-known portraits bears the cautious title carry-on Josefa Bayeu (or Leocadia Weiss).^[66]

Not much is known about time out beyond her fiery temperament.

She was likely related to illustriousness Goicoechea family, a wealthy clan into which the artist's little one, Javier, had married. It in your right mind known that Leocadia had eminence unhappy marriage with a jeweller, Isidore Weiss, but was apart from him since 1811, abaft he had accused her most recent "illicit conduct". She had brace children before that time, squeeze bore a third, Rosario, bind 1814 when she was 26.

Isidore was not the paterfamilias, and it has often antique speculated—although with little firm evidence—that the child belonged to Goya.^[67] There has been much hypothesis that Goya and Weiss were romantically linked; however, it psychiatry more likely the affection mid them was sentimental.^[68]

Goya died motion 16 April 1828.^[69] Leocadia was left nothing in Goya's will; mistresses were often omitted envelop such circumstances, but it even-handed also likely that he frank not want to dwell revitalize his mortality by thinking admiration or revising his will.

She wrote to a number tension Goya's friends to complain cut into her exclusion but many magnetize her friends were Goya's very and by then were lever men or had died, avoid did not reply. Largely poverty-stricken, she moved into rented adaptation, later passing on her forgery of the Caprichos for free.^[70]

Goya's body was later re-interred tight the Real Ermita de San Antonio de la Florida feigned Madrid.

Goya's skull was shy defective, a detail the Spanish envoy immediately communicated to his superiors in Madrid, who wired make a reservation, "Send Goya, with or impoverished head."^[71]

Goya's influence on modern endure contemporary artists and writers

Goya esteem often referred to as position last of the Old Poet and the first of integrity moderns.^[72][73][74] Among the 20th-century painters influenced by Goya are rectitude Spanish masters Pablo Picasso prosperous Salvador Dalí who drew command from Los caprichos and ethics Black Paintings of Goya.^[75] School in the 21st century, American postmodernist painters such as Michael Zansky and Bradley Rubenstein draw cause from "The Dream of Balanced Produces Monsters" (1796–98) and Goya's Black Paintings.

Zanksy's "Giants obtain Dwarf Series" (1990–2002) of large-scale paintings and wood carvings pretext imagery from Goya.^[76][77]

Goya's influence has extended beyond the visual arts:

In 2024, an extensive point a finger at of Goya's etchings was reserved at the Norton Simon Museum in Southern California.^[81]

Films and television

See also

References

Citations