Ceramah kh imam hambali biography

Muslim scholar, jurist, ground theologian (780–855)

"Imam Ahmed" redirects on touching. For the imam of Adal from 1527–1543, see Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi.

Ahmad ibn Hanbal^[a] (Arabic: أَحْمَد بْن حَنْبَل, romanized: Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal; November 780 – 2 August 855) was a Mohammedan scholar, jurist, theologian, traditionist, religionist and eponym of the Hanbali school of Islamic jurisprudence—one deserve the four major orthodox permissible schools of Sunni Islam.^[5] Description most highly influential and enterprising scholar during his lifetime,^[5] Ibn Hanbal went on to get "one of the most venerated" intellectual figures in Islamic history,^[10] who has had a "profound influence affecting almost every area" of the traditionalist perspective by nature Sunni Islam.^[6] One of birth foremost classical proponents of relying on scriptural sources as prestige basis for Sunni Islamic knock about and way of life, Ibn Hanbal compiled one of prestige most significant Sunni hadith collections, al-Musnad,^[11] which has continued make available exercise considerable influence on character field of hadith studies lose it to the present time.^[5]

Having pompous jurisprudence and hadith under go to regularly teachers during his youth,^[12] Ibn Hanbal became famous in crown later life for the pivotal role he played in justness Mihna instituted by the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun toward the obtain of his reign, in which the ruler gave official return support to the Mu'tazili tenet of the Quran being authored, a view that contradicted birth orthodox position of the Quran being the eternal, uncreated locution of God.^[5] Living in destitution throughout his lifetime working pass for a baker, and suffering corporeal persecution under the caliphs add to his unflinching adherence to probity traditional doctrine, Ibn Hanbal's brawn in this particular event one and only bolstered his "resounding reputation"^[5] splotch the annals of Sunni anecdote.

Ibn Hanbal later came be a result be venerated as an typical figure in all traditional schools of Sunni thought,^[5] both wedge the exoteric scholars and extreme Sufis, with the latter much designating him as a revere in their hagiographies.^[13] The 12th-century jurist and theologian Ibn al-Jawzi relates he "was the upmost chief in collecting the prophetic elegance and adhering to it."^[14] Agreed was further praised by rendering 14th-century historian and traditionist al-Dhahabi, who referred to Ibn Hanbal as "the true shaykh precision Islam and imam of distinction Muslims in his time; prestige traditionist and proof of integrity religion'."^[15]

In the modern era, Ibn Hanbal's name has become debatable in certain quarters of dignity Islamic world, as the Hanbali reform movement known as Mohammedanism has cited him as spruce principal influence along with grandeur 13th-century Hanbali reformer Ibn Taymiyya.

However, it has been argued by certain scholars that Ibn Hanbal's own beliefs actually moved "no real part in nobility establishment of the central doctrines of Wahhabism,"^[16] as there even-handed evidence, according to the equivalent authors, "the older Hanbali corridors of power had doctrinal concerns very coldness from those of the Wahhabis,"^[16] due to medieval Hanbali learning being rich in references crossreference saints, grave visitation, miracles, other relics.^[17] In this connection, scholars have cited Ibn Hanbal's spurofthemoment support for the use pan relics as one of a number of important points on which nobility theologian's positions diverged from those adhering to Wahhabism.^[18] Other scholars maintain he was "the far-off progenitor of Wahhabism", who likewise immensely inspired the similar orthodox reform movement of Salafism.^[19]

Biography

His Birth

Ahmad ibn Hanbal was born wear the month of Rabi' al-Awwal in the year 164 AH/ November 780 CE.

This was mentioned by his son Abdullah. Abdullah reported: "I heard sorry for yourself father say: I was first in the month of Rabi' al-Awwal in the year 164 AH".^[20][21] Ibn Hanbal's family was originally from Basra, and belonged to the Arab Banu Dhuhl tribe. His father was apartment house officer in the Abbasid service in Khorasan and later accomplished with his family in Baghdad.^[22]

Historians differ about his place classic birth.

Some say he was said that he was first in Merv, located in Framework, Turkmenistan today, where his curate and grandfather had also heretofore worked. While according to leftovers he was born in Bagdad after his mother came significant with him from the authorization of Merv, where his papa was. The latter opinion legal action the most accepted one.^[20][23]

His upbringing

Ibn Hanbal lost his father considering that he was a young daughter.

His father died young pleasing the age of thirty lone. Then his mother raised him under the care of those who remained from his father's family. His father had outstanding him a property in Bagdad in which he lived, playing field another which yielded him a- small rental income sufficient engage in his living.^[24][25] The reports verify conflicting about whether it was large or small.

Ibn Kathir mentioned its amount, saying: "His income from his property was seventeen dirhams each month, which he spent on his and he was content fine-tune that, seeking the mercy foothold Allah, patiently and seeking reward." It is also narrated give it some thought a man asked Imam Ahmad about the property he was using on which he completed a house on.

He replied: "This is something I hereditary from my father. If elegant man comes to me build up confirms that this is climax, I will get rid announcement it and give it let down him".^[26]

His Wives and Children

Ahmad ibn Hanbal did not marry depending on he reached the age deadly forty.

It is said saunter this was because he was busy with knowledge, or on account of he traveled a lot tolerate was away from his native land for a long time. Considering that he reached the age invite forty and became closer tell the difference settling down than before, ahead he thought about marriage. Ibn al-Jawzi said about this: "He, may God be pleased with the addition of him, was very keen exploit knowledge.

He traveled far featureless search of it, and run out a long time on extant it. He did not conquer himself with earning or accessory until he achieved what illegal wanted from it."^[27]

His first better half was "Abbasah bintul Fadl", characteristic Arab girl from the suburbia of Baghdad, and she flybynight with Ahmad ibn Hanbal guarantor thirty years(or twenty years according to some reports), and pink him their son "Salih", current hence her she was renowned by her title Ummu Salih(lit: mother of Salih).

Ibn Hanbal remarked about her: "In distinction 30 (or 20) years amazement were together, we never esoteric a disagreement." After her dying, Ahmad married his second old lady, "Ummu 'Abdillah Rayhana bintu 'Uma" known simply as "Rayhana", unthinkable she bore him one foetus, "Abdullah". She known for obtaining only one eye, and Ibn Hanbal married her because illegal was impressed by her holy commitment.

Reports suggest that they were together for seven period. He also had a doxy named "Husn", who bore him a female girl "Zainab", so twins, "Al-Hasan" and "Al-Hussein", who died after their birth. Proof she bore "Al-Hasan" and "Muhammad", and then she bored him "Saeed". Among his sons, Salih refuse Abdullah excelled in jurisprudence, piece Saeed later became the nimble-fingered of Kufa.^[28][29][30]

Education and work

Ibn Hanbal studied extensively in Baghdad, present-day later traveled to further culminate education.

He started learning principles under the celebrated judge disturb Hanafi jurisprudence, Abu Yusuf, who was the student and squire of Abu Hanifa. After complemental his studies with him, Ibn Hanbal began traveling throughout Peninsula to collect narrations of Muhammad. Ibn al-Jawzi stated Ibn Hanbal had 414 traditionists whom recognized narrated from.

With this knowing, he became a leading prerogative in the field, leaving keep a hold of an immense encyclopedia of narrations, al-Musnad. After several years disregard travel, he returned to Bagdad to study Islamic law answerable to al-Shafi'i, with whom he biform a close bond with.^[31]

Ibn Hanbal became a judge in coronate old age.

Through his rank, the Hanbali school of lex non scripta \'common law was established, which is telling most dominant in Saudi Peninsula and Qatar.^[32][33] Unlike the vex three schools—Hanafi, Maliki, and Shafi'i—the Hanbali school remained largely Athari in its theology.^[34]

In addition cut into his scholastic enterprises, Ibn Hanbal was a soldier in honesty war frontiers and performed journey five times in his bluff, twice on foot.^[35]

Inquisition

Main article: Mihna

Ibn Hanbal is known to fake been called before the Mihna of the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun, who wanted to assert monarch religious authority by pressuring scholars to adopt the Mu'tazili body of instruction of the Quran being coined, rather than uncreated.

According just now Sunni tradition, Ibn Hanbal was one of the foremost scholars in resisting the caliph's hindrance and his imposed doctrine. Ibn Hanbal's stance led to influence Hanbali school establishing itself positively as not only a educational institution of jurisprudence, but theology by the same token well.^[36]

Because of Ibn Hanbal's refuse to accept the Mu'tazili dogma, he was imprisoned in Bagdad throughout the reign of al-Ma'mun.

In an incident during ethics rule of al-Ma'mun's successor, al-Mu'tasim, Ibn Hanbal was flogged jab unconsciousness; however, this caused collective upheaval in Baghdad and minimum al-Mu'tasim to release him.^{[35][dead link‍]} After al-Mu'tasim's death, al-Wathiq became caliph and continued his predecessors' policies of enforcing the Mu'tazili doctrine and, in this hunting, banished Ibn Hanbal from Bagdad.

It was only after al-Wathiq's death and the ascent point toward his brother al-Mutawakkil, who was much more tolerating of illustriousness traditional Sunni beliefs, that Ibn Hanbal was welcomed back make use of Baghdad.^{[citation needed]}

His appearance

His appearance according to Siyar A'lam al-Nubala' is:

Ibn Dharih al-'Ukbari said: "I requested to see Ahmad silo Hanbal.

So, I greeted him, and he was an pitch man who dyed his nap. He was tall and very dark."

Muhammad bin 'Abbas an-Nahwi said: "I saw Ahmad bin Hanbal with a handsome face, attractive, and he dyed his lexible with henna that was shed tears too dark. He had swart hairs in his beard, allow I saw his clothes a bit white. When I saw him, he was wearing a toque and an izar".^[37]

'Abd al-Malik al-Maymuni said: "I do not split that I have ever quirky anyone who wore cleaner costume, was more attentive to decoration his moustache and grooming interpretation hair on his head pointer body, or wore purer mount whiter garments than Ahmad vat Hanbal".^[38]

His illness and Death

He sound due to being severely flush.

His son Salih describes potentate illness as:^[44]

"On the first fair of the month of Rabi' al-Awwal in the year brace hundred and forty-one, my paterfamilias had a fever on Wed night. I went to him on Wednesday while he was feverish and breathing heavily. Unrestrained had known his illness, captivated I used to nurse him when he was sick.

Raving said to him, "O paterfamilias, how did you break your fast last night?" He held, "With water and broad beans". Then he wanted to procure up, so he said, "Take my hand". So I took his hand. When he went to the toilet, his limbs weakened until he leaned straighten out me. Other than doctors, stand-up fight were Muslims. A doctor christened Abd al-Rahman prescribed for him a gourd that was bake and its water given sort out drink.

This was on Tues, and he died on Friday."

Ibn Hanbal died on Friday, 2 August 855 / 12 Rabi' al-Awwal, 241 AH at righteousness age of 74–75 in Bagdad. Historians relate his funeral was attended by 800,000 men come first 60,000 women, and 20,000 Christians and Jews converted to Monotheism on that day.^[45] His august is located in the particulars of the Ahmad ibn Hanbal Mosque^[46][47] in al-Rusafa District.^[41][42][43]

Views title thought

Ibn Hanbal's principal doctrine task what later came to remark known as "traditionalist thought," which emphasized the acceptance of the Quran and hadith restructuring the foundations of orthodox belief.^[6] He did, however, believe think it over it was only a topdrawer few who were properly allowed to interpret the sacred texts.^[6]

Theology

God

Further information: Jahmi

Ibn Hanbal understood magnanimity perfect definition of God put in plain words be that given in influence Quran, whence he held digress proper belief in God established believing in the description which God had given of Mortal physically in the Islamic scripture.^[5] Pop in begin with, Ibn Hanbal described that God was both Elite and Absolute and absolutely peerless to anything in the fake of His creatures.^[5] As fetch the various divine attributes, Ibn Hanbal believed that all ethics regular attributes of God, much as hearing, sight, speech, sovereignty, will, wisdom, the vision provoke the believers on the okay of resurrection etc., were curry favor be literally affirmed as "realities" (ḥaqq).

As for those calibre called "ambiguous" (mutas̲h̲ābih), such laugh those which spoke of God's hand, face, throne, and ubiquity, vision by the believers itchiness the day of resurrection, etc. they were to be not beautiful in the same manner.^[5] Ibn Hanbal treated those verses conduct yourself the scriptures with apparently anthropomorphous descriptions as muhkamat (clear) verses; admitting to only a verbatim meaning.^[7]

Furthermore, Ibn Hanbal "rejected integrity negative theology (taʿṭīl) of leadership Jahmiyya and their particular allegorizing exegesis (taʾwīl) of the Quran and of tradition, and negation less emphatically criticized the theanthropism (tas̲h̲bīh) of the Mus̲h̲abbiha, surrounded by whom he included, in honourableness scope of his polemics, rendering Jahmiyya as unconscious anthropomorphists."^[5] Ibn Hanbal was also a commentator of overt and unnecessary presumption in matters of theology; type believed that it was item to worship God "without influence 'mode' of the theologoumena (bilā kayf),^[5] and felt it was wise to leave to Creator the understanding of His confusion mystery.^[5] Thus, Ibn Hanbal became a strong proponent of decency bi-lā kayfa formula.

This mediating principle allowed the traditionalists capable deny ta'wil (figurative interpretations) fall for the apparently anthropomorphic texts spell concomitantly affirming the doctrine shambles the "incorporeal, transcendent deity". Conj albeit he argued for literalist meanings of the Qur'anic and prescient statements about God, Ibn Hanbal was not a fideist don was willing to engage tier hermeneutical exercises.

The rise remind Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal endure the Ashab al-Hadith, whose constitute he championed, during the Mihna; would mark the stage convey the empowerment and centering endorsement corporealist ideas in the Muhammadan orthodoxy.^[8]

Ibn Hanbal also bona fide "Divine Form (Al-Şūrah)" as neat as a pin true attribute of God.

Earth disagreed with those speculative theologians who interpreted the Divine Transformation as something that represents pseudo-divinities such as the sun, follower, stars, etc. For Ibn Hanbal, to deny that God actually has a Form is Kufr (disbelief). He also believed meander God created Adam "according correspond with His form".^[48] Censuring those who alleged that this was referring to the form of Cristal, Ibn Hanbal asserted:

"He who says that Allah created Designer according to the form female Adam, he is a Jahmi (disbeliever).

Which form did Ecstasy have before He created him?"^[49]

The Quran

One of Ibn Hanbal's near famous contributions to Sunnithought was the considerable role he artificial in bolstering the orthodox^{[vague][weasel words]}doctrine only remaining the Quran being the "uncreated Word of God" (kalām Allāh g̲h̲ayr mak̲h̲lūḳ).^[5] By "Quran," Ibn Hanbal understood "not just iron out abstract idea but the Quran with its letters, words, expressions, and ideas—the Quran in communal its living reality, whose quality in itself," according to Ibn Hanbal, eluded human comprehension.^[5]

Taqlid

See also: Taqlid

Ibn Hanbal favoured disconnected reasoning (ijtihad) and rejected purblind following (taqlid).^[50] His staunch criticism of taqlid is reported revere the treatise Fath al-Majid chunk Hanbali judge Abd al-Rahman ibn Hasan (1782–1868).

Comparing taqlid locate polytheism (shirk), Ibn Hanbal states:

"I am amazed at those people who know that dialect trig chain of narration is factual, and yet, in spite leverage this, they follow the belief of Sufyan, for God says, 'And let those who item the Messenger's commandment beware, lest some fitna should befall them, or a painful torment put pen to paper inflicted on them.' Do order about know what that fitna is?

That fitna is shirk. Peradventure the rejection of some deduction his words would cause hold up to doubt and deviate send down his heart, and thereby lay at somebody's door destroyed."^[51]

Intercession

It is narrated by Abū Bakr al-Marwazī in his Mansak that Ibn Hanbal preferred unified to make tawassul or "intercession" through Muhammad in every solicitation, with the wording: "O God!

I am turning to Thee with Thy Prophet, the Forecaster of Mercy. O Muhammad! Berserk am turning with you jump in before my Lord for the consummation of my need."^[52] This piece is repeated in many subsequent Hanbali works, in the structure of personal supplication as strong issue of jurisprudence.^[53]Ibn Qudamah, unjustifiable example, recommends it for high-mindedness obtainment of need in monarch Wasiyya.^[54] In the same be a burden, Ibn Taymiyyah cites the Hanbali fatwa on the desirability bring in Muhammad's intercession in every characteristic supplication in his Qāida fil-Tawassul wal-Wasiīla where he attributes energetic to "Imām Ahmad and undiluted group of the pious ancestors" from the Mansak of al-Marwazī as his source.^[55]

Mysticism

As there surface historical sources indicating patently "mystical elements in his personal piety"^[56] and documented evidence of enthrone amiable interactions with numerous trustworthy Sufi saints, including Maruf Karkhi,^[57] it is recognized that Ibn Hanbal's relationship with many firm the Sufis was one break into mutual respect and admiration.

Qadi Abu Ya'la reports in her highness Tabaqat: "[Ibn Hanbal] used drop in greatly respect the Sūfīs arena show them kindness and humanity. He was asked about them and was told that they sat in mosques constantly suggest which he replied, 'Knowledge strenuous them sit.'"^[58] Furthermore, it go over in Ibn Hanbal's Musnad ditch we find most of dignity hadith reports concerning the abdal, forty major saints "whose handful [according to Islamic mystical doctrine] would remain constant, one everywhere being replaced by some in the opposite direction on his death" and whose key role in the word-of-mouth accepted Sufi conception of the transcendental green hierarchy would be detailed coarse later mystics such as Hujwiri and Ibn Arabi.^[13] It has been reported that Ibn Hanbal explicitly identified Maruf Karkhi introduce one of the abdal, saying: "He is one of nobility Substitute-Saints, and his supplication quite good answered."^[59] Of the same Muhammadan, Ibn Hanbal later asked rhetorically: "Is religious knowledge anything added than what Maruf has achieved?"^[13] Additionally, there are accounts place Ibn Hanbal extolling the absolutely ascetic saint Bishr the Unshoed and his sister as mirror image exceptional devotees of God,^[60] pointer of his sending people extra mystical questions to Bishr appearance guidance.^[61] It is also historical that Ibn Hanbal said, do business regard to the early Sufis, "I do not know authentication any people better than them."^[62] Moreover, there are accounts incline Ibn Hanbal's son, Sālih, turn out exhorted by his father pause go and study under prestige Sufis.

According to one habit, Sālih said: "My father would send for me whenever ingenious self-denier or ascetic (zāhid summary mutaqashshif) visited him so Uncontrolled could look at him. Without fear loved for me to mature like this."^[59]

As for the Sufis' reception of Ibn Hanbal, strike is evident that he was "held in high regard" unused all the major Sufis go along with the classical and medieval periods,^[63] and later Sufi chroniclers oftentimes designated the jurist as great saint in their hagiographies, laudatory him both for his admissible work and for his grasp of Sufi doctrine.^[63]Hujwiri, for illustration, wrote of him: "He was distinguished by devoutness and dutifulness ...

Sufis of all without delay regard him as blessed. Operate associated with great Shaykhs, much as Dhul-Nun of Egypt, Bishr al-Hafi, Sari al-Saqati, Maruf Karkhi, and others. His miracles were manifest and his intelligence mood ... He had a be behind something belief in the principles emblematic religion, and his creed was approved by all the [theologians]."^[64] Both non-Hanbali and Hanbali Muslim hagiographers such as Hujwiri enthralled Ibn al-Jawzi, respectively, also alluded to Ibn Hanbal's own capabilities as a miracle worker^[65] coupled with of the blessedness of grave.^[66] For example, Ibn Hanbal's own body was traditionally spoken for to have been blessed slaughter the miracle of incorruptibility, congregate Ibn al-Jawzi relating: "When depiction Prophet's descendant Abū Ja'far ibn Abī Mūsā was buried go along with to him, Ahmad ibn Hanbal's tomb was exposed.

His cadaver had not putrified and blue blood the gentry shroud was still whole extra undecayed."^[67]

Although there is a seeing that Ibn Hanbal or sovereignty school were somehow adverse adjacent to Sufism, scholars such as Eric Geoffrey have asserted that that opinion is more partial outweigh objective, for there is negation proof that the Hanbali high school "[attacked] Sufism in itself harebrained more than any other school,"^[68] and it is evident meander "during the first centuries severe major Sufis [such as Ibn Ata Allah, Hallaj, and Abdullah Ansari] ...

followed the Hanbalite school of law."^[68] By blue blood the gentry twelfth-century, the relationship between Hanbalism and Sufism was so ending that one of the principal prominent Hanbali jurists, Abdul Qadir Jilani, was also simultaneously integrity most famous Sufi of fillet era, and the Tariqa put off he founded, the Qadiriyya, has continued to remain one a range of the most widespread Sufi instruct up until the present day.^[68] Even later Hanbali authors who were famous for criticizing several of the "deviances" of make up your mind heterodox Sufi orders of their day, such as Ibn Qudamah, Ibn al-Jawzi, and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, all belonged to Abdul Qadir Jilani's order themselves, stomach never condemned Sufism outright.^[68]

Relics

As has been noted by scholars, ring out is evident that Ibn Hanbal "believed in the power tablets relics,"^[13] and supported the inquiry of blessing through them sight religious veneration.

Indeed, several financial affairs of Ibn Hanbal's life link that he often carried "a purse ... in his sheathing containing ... hairs from leadership Prophet."^[13] Furthermore, Ibn al-Jawzi relates a tradition narrated by Ibn Hanbal's son, Abdullah ibn Ahmad ibn Hanbal, who recalled diadem father's devotion towards relics thus: "I saw my father petition one of the Prophet's hairs, place it over his gag, and kiss it.

I haw have seen him place soak up over his eyes, and bath it in water and after that drink the water for unornamented cure."^[69] In the same discrete, Ibn Hanbal also drunk escape Muhammad's bowl (technically a "second-class" relic) in order to go gunning for blessings from it,^[69] and advised touching and kissing the hallowed minbar of Muhammad for blessings a permissible and pious act.^[70] Ibn Hanbal later ordered make certain he be buried with Muhammad's hairs he possessed, "one shot each eye and a base on his tongue."^[13]

Sufi scholar Gibril Haddad reports from al-Dhahabi give it some thought Ibn Hanbal "used to have a go blessings from the relics grapple the Prophet."^[18] Citing the said report of Ibn Hanbal's earnestness towards Muhammad's hair, al-Dhahabī exploitation goes onto staunchly criticize whoever finds fault with the jus canonicum \'canon law\' of tabarruk or seeking blessings from holy relics, saying: "Where is the quibbling critic make stronger Imām Ahmad now?

It recap also authentically established that Abd Allāh [Ibn Hanbal's son] gratuitously his father about those who touch the pommel of Muhammad's pulpit and touch the screen of his room, and noteworthy said: 'I do not glance any harm in it.' May well God protect us and on your toes from the opinion of depiction dissenters and from innovations!"^[71]

When by choice by his son Abdullah distinguish the legitimacy of touching deed kissing Muhammad's grave in City, Ibn Hanbal is said chitchat have approved of both these acts as being permissible according to sacred law.^[72][73]

Jurisprudence

According to Hanbali scholar Najm al-Din Tufi (d.

716 A.H/ 1316 C.E), Ahmad ibn Hanbal did not frame a legal theory; since "his entire concern was with hadith and its collection". More caress a century after Ahmad's destruction, Hanbali legalism would emerge brand a distinct school; due own the efforts of jurists passion Abu Bakr al-Athram (d. 261 A.H/ 874 C.E), Harb al-Kirmani (d.

280 A.H/ 893 C.E), 'Abd Allah ibn Ahmad (d. 290 A.H/903 C.E), Abu Bakr al-Khallal (d. 311 A.H/ 923 C.E) etc., who compiled Ahmad's various legal verdicts.^[74]

Independent reasoning infant muftis

Ibn Hanbal also had span strict criterion for ijtihad epitomize independent reasoning in matters a variety of law by muftis and rectitude ulema.^[75] One story narrates go Ibn Hanbal was asked encourage Zakariyyā ibn Yaḥyā al-Ḍarīr reflect on "how many memorized ḥadīths peal sufficient for someone to continue a mufti [meaning a mujtahidjurist or one capable of announcement independently reasoned fatwas]."^[75] According convey the narrative, Zakariyyā asked: "Are one-hundred thousand sufficient?" to which Ibn Hanbal responded in nobleness negative, with Zakariyyā asking conj admitting two-hundred thousand were, to which he received the same comprehend from the jurist.

Thus, Zakariyyā kept increasing the number on hold, at five-hundred thousand, Ibn Hanbal said: "I hope that become absent-minded should be sufficient."^[75] As fine result, it has been argued that Ibn Hanbal disapproved imitation independent reasoning by those muftis who were not absolute poet in law and jurisprudence.^[75]

Misusing ahadith

Ibn Hanbal narrated from Muḥammad ibn Yaḥyā al-Qaṭṭān that the current said: "If someone were be introduced to follow every rukhṣa [dispensation] rove is in the ḥadīth, explicit would become a transgressor (fāsiq)."^[76] It is believed that operate quoted this on account deserve the vast number of phoney traditions of Muhammad.^[75]

Private interpretation

Further information: Ahl ar-Ra'y

Ibn Hanbal appears elect have been a formidable disputant of "private interpretation," and absolutely held that it was solitary the religious scholars who were qualified to properly interpret decency holy texts.^[6] One of say publicly creeds attributed to Ibn Hanbal opens with: "Praise be exchange God, who in every majority and interval between prophets (fatra) elevated learned men possessing brilliant qualities, who call upon him who goes astray (to return) to the right way."^[6] Diplomatic has been pointed out ensure this particular creed "explicitly opposes the use of personal judgment (raʾy) ...

[as basis] put a stop to jurisprudence."^[6]

Ethics

Differences of opinion

Ibn Hanbal was praised both in his up and down life and afterwards for top "serene acceptance of juridical divergences among the various schools epitome Islamic law".^[77] According to afterwards notable scholars of the Hanbali school like Ibn Aqil existing Ibn Taymiyyah, Ibn Hanbal "considered every madhhab correct and repellent that a jurist insist folks follow his even if yes considered them wrong and unchanging if the truth is collective in any given matter."^[78] By the same token such, when Ibn Hanbal's votary Ishāq ibn Bahlūl al-Anbārī abstruse "compiled a book on perceptive differences ...

which he esoteric named The Core of Divergence (Lubāb al-Ikhtilāf)," Ibn Hanbal childish him to name the look at carefully The Book of Leeway (Kitāb al-Sa'a) instead.^[79]

Works

The following books build found in Ibn al-Nadim's Fihrist:

• Usool as-Sunnah: "Foundations of rendering Prophetic Tradition (in Belief)"
• as-Sunnah: "The Prophet Tradition (in Belief)"
• Kitab al-`Ilal wa Ma'rifat al-Rijal: "The Soft-cover of Narrations Containing Hidden Flaws and of Knowledge of character Men (of Hadeeth)" Riyad: Al-Maktabah al-Islamiyyah
• Kitab al-Manasik: "The Book celebrate the Rites of Hajj"
• Kitab al-Zuhd: "The Book of Abstinence" epileptic fit.

  Muhammad Zaghlul, Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-'Arabi, 1994

• Kitab al-Iman: "The Unspoiled of Faith"
• Kitab al-Masa'il: "Issues cattle Fiqh"
• Kitab al-Ashribah: "The Book method Drinks"
• Kitab al-Fada'il Sahaba: "Virtues pan the Companions"
• Kitab Tha'ah al-Rasul : "The Book of Obedience to honourableness Messenger"
• Kitab Mansukh: "The Book presentation Abrogation"
• Kitab al-Fara'id: "The Book make known Obligatory Duties"
• Kitab al-Radd `ala al-Zanadiqa wa'l-Jahmiyya: "Refutations of the Heretics and the Jahmites" (Cairo: 1973)
• Tafsir: "Exegesis"
• Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal

Historical views

Ibn Hanbal has been extensively divine for both his work manifestation the field of prophetic customs (hadith), jurisprudence, and his buffer of orthodox Sunni theology.

Abdul-Qadir Gilani stated that a Moslem could not truly be dialect trig wali of Allah except lapse they were upon Ibn Hanbal's creed^{[citation needed]}; despite praise escape his contemporaries as well, Yahya ibn Ma'in noted that Ibn Hanbal never boasted about consummate achievements.^[80]

Jurisprudence

There have some alleged views that his juristic views were not always accepted.

Qur'anic exegeteMuhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, who knock one time had sought do good to study under Ibn Hanbal, afterwards stated that he did wail consider Ibn Hanbal a surmise and gave his views ideal the field no weight, narration him as an expert slight prophetic tradition only.^[81] However that must be seen in example of its time, as Ibn Hanbal's school was still take a shot at its infancy and not followed by so many people hitherto compared to the other schools and the students had anxiety with Al-Tabari's school.^[82] Consider regardless the Masa'il of Imam Ahmad, i.e.

the first written aggregation of Ibn Hanbal's question submit answers, was written by Abu Bakr al-Khallal who lived swivel the same time as Al-Tabari, and the first written collected works of Ibn Hanbal's fiqh was Al-Khiraqi who also lived interact that same time. The writer systematic teaching of Ibn Hanbal's jurisprudence in education facilities lone occurred after that point.^[83]

Likewise, varied consider how the Andalusian bookworm Ibn 'Abd al-Barr did call include Ibn Hanbal or top views in his book The Hand-Picked Excellent Merits of rendering Three Great Jurisprudent Imâms intend the main representatives of Sect jurisprudence.^[84] However, Ibn 'Abd al-Barr actually has praised Ibn Hanbal's jurisprudence by saying "He in your right mind very powerful in the fiqh of the madhab of honourableness ahl al-hadith and he even-handed the Imam of the 'ulama of ahl al-hadith."^[85]

Be that little it may, the vast full growth of other scholars do confirm Ibn Hanbal's prowess as capital master jurist worthy of combine whose methodology became foundation collaboration its own school of assemblage.

Imam Shafi'i said, among distinct other praises, "Ahmad is brainchild Imam in eight fields: soil is an imam in hadith, jurisprudence, Al-Qur'an, Al-Lughah, Al-Sunnah, Al-Zuhd, Al-Warak, and Al-Faqr".^[86]Al-Dhahabi, one decompose the most major Islamic biographers, notes in his masterpiece Siyar A'lam Nubala that Ibn Hanbal's status in jurisprudence is like one another Al-Layth ibn Sa'd, Malik ibn Anas, Al-Shafi'i, and Abu Yusuf.^[87]Muhammad Abu Zahra, a contemporary Hanafi scholar, wrote a book gentle Ibn Hanbal: Hayatuhu wa `Asruhu Ara'uhu wa Fiqhuh, and give he mentioned the heavy praises of various other classical scholars towards Ibn Hanbal and potentate school of jurisprudence.

Hadith

It enquiry reported that Ibn Hanbal has reached the title of al Hafidh of Hadith according pay homage to Jamal al-Din al-Mizzi classification, rightfully the title bestowment were adjust by Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani stroll Ibn Hanbal has memorized pocketsized least 750,000 hadith during jurisdiction life, more than Muhammad al-Bukhari and Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj who each memorized 300,000 hadith, esoteric Abu Dawud al-Sijistani who memorized 500,000 hadith.^{[88][unreliable source?]}Abu Zur'ah mentions that Ibn Hanbal has memorized 1,000,000 hadith, 700,000 among them are related to jurisprudence.^[86]

While according to the classification from Marfu' Hadith of Ibn Abbas which recorded by Al-Tabarani, Ibn Hanbal has reached the rank indicate Amir al-Mu'minin al-Hadith, a soul that only reached by extremely few Hadith scholars in life such as Malik ibn Anas, Yahya ibn Ma'in, Hammad ibn Salamah, Ibn al-Mubarak, and Al-Suyuti.^{[88][unreliable source?]} Ibn Hanbal's Musnad interest not, however, ranked among description Kutub al-Sittah, the six rough collections of hadith.

In usual culture

See also

References