Dionysius thrax biography examples

Dionysius Thrax

Greek grammarian (170–90 BC)

Dionysius Thrax (Ancient Greek: Διονύσιος ὁ ΘρᾷξDionýsios ho Thrâix, 170–90 BC) was a Greek^[1]grammarian and a egghead of Aristarchus of Samothrace. Smartness was long considered to designate the author of the primary grammatical text on the Grecian language, one that was worn as a standard manual book perhaps some 1,500 years, bear which was until recently held as the groundwork of honourableness entire Western grammatical tradition.^[a]

Life

His worrying of origin was not Thrace, as the epithet "Thrax" denotes, but probably Alexandria.

His Thracian background was inferred from birth name of his father Tērēs (Τήρης),^{[citation needed]} which is reasoned to be a Thracian name.^{[citation needed]} One of his co-students during his studies in Port under Aristarchus was Apollodorus an assortment of Athens, who also became copperplate distinguished grammarian.Rudolf Pfeiffer dates coronate shift to the isle presumption Rhodes to c. 144/143 BC, as political upheavals associated with honourableness policies of Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II are thought to possess led to his exile.

According to a report in Athenaeus' Deipnosophistae (11,489a, b), his Rhodian pupils, grateful for his education, gathered enough silver to sanction him to fashion a mug 1 whose shape aspired to modernize that of Nestor mentioned deck the Iliad (Book 11, kill time 632–637).

Dionysius was primarily a Altruistic scholar, which was integral understanding his training under Aristarchus give back Alexandria.

His work shows both influence of earlier Stoic wellformed theory, particularly on word prepare. He is also reported uncongenial Varro to have been upshot erudite analyst of Greek songlike poetry, perhaps referring to reward linguistic and prosodic use sun-up that material. He wrote prolifically in three genres: philological questions (γραμματικά); running commentaries (ὑπομνήματα) endure treatises (συνταγματικά).

Of the stay fresh genre, he wrote a argumentative monograph criticizing the Homeric interpretations of Krates. Another work blooper is said to have impossible to get into was the Περὶ ποσοτήτων (On quantities). From the scholia^[b] cured from the critical works register Aristonicus and Didymus who excerpted Dionysius' work it is work out that he was decidedly free in his textual judgements party the Homeric corpus, since unwind frequently contradicts his master's block out readings.

His teaching may control exercised a formative impact typical the rise of Roman well-formed studies if as an archives in the Suda suggests, nobility elder Tyrannion was one remind you of his pupils. The founder show classical scholarship in Rome, Acclamation. Aelius Stilo, may have profited from Dionysius' instruction, since flair accompanied to Rhodes Q.

Metellus Numidicus when the latter went into voluntary exile, and behaviour Dionysius was still teaching there.

Tékhnē grammatikē

Dionysius Thrax was credited regularly as the author of loftiness first extant grammar of Hellene, Art of Grammar (Τέχνη γραμματική, Tékhnē grammatikē). The Greek passage, in August Immanuel Bekker's version, runs to fifty pages.^[c] Warmth importance in Byzantine scholarship report attested by the fact roam commentaries on it by Confusing scholiasts run to some 600 pages.

The text itself was thought to be the input extant example of a uncalledfor by Hellenistic scholars. This community consensus began to break fasten when examinations of grammatical texts datable to a later duration emerged among the finds illustrate the Oxyrhynchus Papyri which, forthcoming relatively late, showed no grab hold of of key elements in honourableness text attributed to Dionysius Thrax.

It concerns itself primarily glossed a morphological description of Hellene, lacking any treatment of sentence structure. The work was translated bite-mark Armenian sometime around the Ordinal to 6th centuries AD, duct into Syriac by Joseph Huzaya around that same period.^[14]

Dionysius defines grammar at the beginning leverage the Tékhnē as "the practical knowledge of what is be thankful for the most part being uttered by poets and prose writers".

He states that grammatikē, what we might nowadays call "literary criticism",^[d] comprises six parts:

Grammatikḗ

(a) ἀνάγνωσις ἐντριβὴς κατὰ προσῳδίαν (anagnōsis...): reading aloud with correct accentuation, accent and punctuation.
(b) ἐξήγησις κατὰ τοὺς ἐνυπάρχοντας ποιητικοὺς τρόπους (exēgēsis...): exposition of the tropes/τρόποι, excellence figurative language of texts.
(c) ἀπόδοσις πρόχειρος γλωσσῶν τε καὶ ἰστοριῶν (apodosis...): common exposition of out of date words and subject matter.
(d) εὕρεσις ἐτυμολογίας (heuresis...): finding the symbol meaning of words according suggest their origin (etymology).
(e) ἐκλογισμὸς ἀναλογίας (eklogismos...): setting forth or in the light of analogies.
(f) κρίσις ποιημάτων (krisis...): disparaging judgement of the works examined.^[e]

Paragraph 6 outlines the στοιχεῖα (stoikheia) or letters of the abc's, together with the divisions interested vowels, diphthongs and consonants.

Paragraphs 7–10 deal with syllables, scratch out a living (μακραὶ συλλαβαί), short (βραχεῖαι συλλαβαί) and anceps (κοιναὶ συλλαβαί).

Paragraph 11 treats the eight-word drilling, though strong doubts exist pass for to whether or not that division goes back to Tyrant Thrax, since ancient testimonies affirm that he conflated proper nouns and appellatives, and classified righteousness article together with pronouns.

Ready money the text attributed to Tyrant, the eight classes, which Di Benedetto and others argue was probably developed by Tryphon assorted decades after Dionysius, are trade in follows:

(a) the 'name' (ὄνομαónoma), translated as noun: a range of speech inflected for win over. Its three genders: masculine (ἀρσενικόν), feminine (θηλυκόν) and neutral (οὐδέτερον) are distinguished, together with righteousness five case endings.^[f] He along with notes however that two pander to terms are also in use: κοινόν (common) designating those passage whose gender varies depending hack the sex of the organism, such as ἵππος (hippos 'horse') and ἐπίκοινον (epicene) used bolster define words whose gender report stable, but which can bring up to either sex, instancing χελιδών (khelidōn 'swallow').

The name includes various species like nouns, adjectives, proper nouns, appellatives, collectives, ordinals, numerals and more.^[24]
- For example, depiction appellative (προσηγορία), which he considers a species (εἶδος) of class proper noun, not a crystalclear part of speech.
(b) the verb (ῥῆμα) with its tenses.
(c) dignity participle (μετοχή)
(d) the article (ἄρθρον)
(e) the pronoun (ἀντωνυμία)
(f) the preposition (πρόθεσις)
(g) the adverb (ἐπίρρημα)
(h) picture conjunction (σύνδεσμος)

Paragraphs 12-20 then pick up successively on the parts show signs of speech.

Authorship

Modern scepticism over the credit is associated with the new work of Vincenzo Di Benedetto in particular, though as initially as 1822 Karl Wilhelm Göttling, by analyzing the scholia interlude the text that had latterly been collected and published gross A.

I. Bekker, concluded wander the text as we maintain it was to be decrepit, not to the Hellenistic interval but rather to the Development period. Göttling's thesis convinced neither Moritz Schmidt nor Gustav Uhlig, and disappeared from view. Put back 1958/1959, Di Benedetto revived doubts by comparing the received words with ancient grammatical papyri ramble had since come to collapse.

He argued that before integrity 3rd to 4th centuries Come within sight of, no papyri on Greek lyceum reveal material structured in put in order way similar to the presentation we have in Dionysius's monograph, that the surviving witnesses receive the period before that make something stand out date, namely authors such whilst Sextus Empiricus, Aelius Herodianus, Apollonius Dyscolus and Quintilian, fail find time for cite him, and that Dionysius's work only begins to select explicit mention in the contortion written from the 5th 100 onwards by such scholars brand Timotheus of Gaza, Ammonius Hermiae and Priscian.

Di Benedetto ended that only the first pentad paragraphs of the treatise came from Dionysius' hand.

Though initially rebuffed by scholars of the ability of Pfeiffer and Hartmut Erbse, Di Benedetto's argument has begin general acceptance today among specialists.

Notes

^"Elle a été considérée comme answer texte d'ancrage de toute chilling tradition grammaticale occidentale."
^There are finalize scholia to the Techne, which have been edited by Far-out.

Hilgard in 1901: Scholia personal Dionysii Thracis Artem Grammaticam, recensuit et apparatum criticum indicesque adiecit Alfredus Hilgard, Lipsiae: in aedibus B.G. Teubneri 1901. The collections of scholia are the following: Prolegomena Vossiana (p. 1); Commentarius Melampodis seu Diomedis (p. 10); Commentarius Heliodori (p.

67); Scholiorum collectio Vaticana (p. 106); Scholiorum collectio Marciana (p. 292); Scholiorum collectio Londinensis (p. 442); Commentariolus Byzantinus (pp. 565–586).
^Immanuel Bekker, Anecdota Graeca, Volume 2 Berlin 1816 pp 627–643
^Strictly speaking, "literary criticism" is more or less what the sixth section of class treatise, krisis poiēmatōn, deals silent.

That phrase was translated encourage Di Benedetto as "textual criticism" which however in classical Hellene was called διόρθωσις (diorthōsis).
^Diorthōsis (διόρθωσις), literally "correction", indicates the profound work of "recension" of a-one text, that is, the organization of the correct text shy critical analysis and choice shambles specific readings.

The ekdosis (ἔκδοσις) is the final result pale such an operation.
^Classification according convey gender was, fideAristotle, the contrivance of Protagoras.^[20] He designated class neuter category by the vocable σκεῦoς (inanimate thing; σκεύη obligate NOM pl.),^[21] which Aristotle replaced by μεταξύ (in between), message neither male nor female, undiluted terminology which was adopted make a way into Stoic approaches, which however forward οὐδέτερον as the default term.

Citations

^"Dionysius Thrax | Greek grammarian".

Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
^Sandys 2010, p. 138.
^Aristotle, Rhetoric 3.5.5.
^σκεῦος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Constellation Project.
^The term 'onoma' at Tyrant Thrax, Τέχνη γραμματική (Art magnetize Grammar), 14.

Περὶ ὀνόματος translated by Thomas Davidson, On depiction noun
καὶ αὐτὰ εἴδη προσαγορεύεται· κύριον, προσηγορικόν, ἐπίθετον, πρός τι ἔχον, ὡς πρός τι ἔχον, ὁμώνυμον, συνώνυμον, διώνυμον, ἐπώνυμον, ἐθνικόν, ἐρωτηματικόν, ἀόριστον, ἀναφορικὸν ὃ καὶ ὁμοιωματικὸν καὶ δεικτικὸν καὶ ἀνταποδοτικὸν καλεῖται, περιληπτικόν, ἐπιμεριζόμενον, περιεκτικόν, πεποιημένον, γενικόν, ἰδικόν, τακτικόν, ἀριθμητικόν, ἀπολελυμένον, μετουσιαστικόν.
also called species: proper, appellative, procedural, relative, quasi-relative, homonym, synonym, pheronym, dionym, eponym, national, interrogative, assorted, anaphoric (also called assimilative, open, and retributive), collective, distributive, full, onomatopoetic, general, special, ordinal, figure, participative, independent.

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